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Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: P-38 Lightning, with B-29 Enola Gay behind it fat"
Image by 981acf5d1e47e11bd4798dbc5e74af0b See 342600fbc14b76d34038a0bb3478391c of this, and the aefdffcf12f865f0d9d6a810b3a33556 article . Details, quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | be712fd83f695548bc888e6553822e24En the P-38 Lockheed engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson and his team of designers created one of the most successful twin-engine fighters ever flown by any nation. From 1942 to 1945, U.S. Army Air Forces pilots flew P-38 in Europe, the Mediterranean and the Pacific, and from the frozen Aleutian Islands to the sun-baked deserts of North Africa. Lightning pilots in the Pacific theater downed more Japanese aircraft than pilots flying any other warplane aliados.Mayor Richard I. Bong, ace leading U.S. fighter, flew this P-38J-10-LO on April 16, 1945, at Wright Field, Ohio, to evaluate an experimental method of interconnecting the movement of the throttle and control levers helix. However, his right engine exploded in flight before he could conduct the experiment. Transferred to the U.S. Air Force. Manufacturer: Lockheed Aircraft CompanyFecha : 1943 Country of Origin: AméricaDimensiones U.S.: In general: ( .... 12 feet x 38 feet 9 9/16in 4 5/8in, 13,988.2 pounds, 51 feet 10 1/16in) 390 x 1170cm, 6345kg, 1580cmMateriales : All-metalDescripción Physical: Twin-tail boom and twin-engine fighter, landing gear triciclo.Descripción Length: From 1942 to 1945, the thunder of P-38 Lightning was heard around the world. Pilots of U.S. Army P-38 flew through Europe, the Mediterranean and the Pacific, from the frozen Aleutian Islands to the sun-drenched deserts of North Africa. Measured by success in combat, Lockheed engineer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson and a team of designers created the most successful twin-engine fighter ever flown by any nation. In the Pacific Theater, the Lightning pilots downed more Japanese aircraft than pilots flying any other fighter aircraft of the Air Force and his team Ejército.Johnson conceived this twin-engine, single-pilot fighter airplane in 1936 and the Army Air Corps authorized the company to build in June 1937. Lockheed finished constructing the prototype XP-38 and delivered it to the Air Force on New Year's Day 1939. Air Corps test pilot and P-38 project officer, Lt. Benjamin S. Kelsey, first flew the aircraft on January 27. Losing this prototype in a crash at Mitchel Field, New York, with Kelsey at the controls, did not deter the Air Corps from ordering 13 YP-38 for service testing on April 27. Kelsey survived the crash and remains an important part of the Lightning program. Before the airplane could be declared ready for combat, Lockheed had to block the effects of high-speed aerodynamic compressibility and tail slaps, and solve other problems discovered during testing of difficulty servicio.La more disconcerting was the loss of control immersion in aerodynamics caused by compression. During late spring 1941, Air Corps Major Signa A. Gilke found serious problems while diving his Lightning at high speed from an altitude of 9120 m (30,000 ft). When he reached an indicated airspeed of about 515 kph (320 mph), the plane's tail began to shake violently and the nose dropped until the dive was almost vertical. Signa recovered and landed safely and the problem was resolved tail buffet shortly after Lockheed installed new fillets to improve airflow into the cockpit gondola joined the wing center section. Seventeen months passed before engineers began to determine the cause of the Lightning's nose to drop. We tested a scale model P-38 in the Ames Laboratory wind tunnel operated by the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) and found that shock waves formed when airflow over the wing edges reached transonic speeds. The nose drop and loss of control was never fully resolved but Lockheed installed dive recovery flaps under each wing in 1944. These devices slowed the P-38 enough to allow the pilot to maintain control when diving at high velocidad.Así as the development of the North American P-51 Mustang, Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, and the Vought F4U Corsair (see NASM collection for these aircraft) pushed the limits of aircraft performance into unexplored territory, so too did P-38 development. The type of aircraft provided by the Lockheed design team and Air Corps strategists in 1937 did not appear until June 1944. This reflects prolonged shakedown tribulations suffered by Vought in sorting the many technical problems that kept F4U Corsair U.S. Tire Navy carriers until the end of Lockheed 1944.Esfuerzos for troubleshooting problems with various design also delayed high-speed mass production. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the company had delivered only 69 Lightnings to the Army. Production steadily increased and at its peak in 1944, 22 sub-contractors built various Lightning components and shipped them to Burbank, California, for final assembly. Consolidated-Vultee (Convair) subcontracted to build the wing center section and the firm later became leading manufacturer for 2,000 P-38Ls but that company's Nashville plant completed only 113 examples of this Lightning model before war's end. Lockheed and Convair finished 10,038 P-38 aircraft including 500 photo-reconnaissance models. They built more L models, 3,923, than any other versión.Para facilitate control and improve stability, particularly at low speeds, Lockheed equipped Lightning all except a batch ordered by Britain, with propellers that counter-rotation. The propeller to the pilot's left turned counter-clockwise and the propeller to his right turned clockwise, so that one propeller countered the effects of torque and airflow generated by the other. The airplane also performed well at high speeds and the definitive P-38L model could make better than 676 kph (420 mph) between 7,600 and 9,120 m (25,000 to 30,000 feet). The design was versatile enough to carry various combinations of bombs, air-to-ground rockets, and external fuel tanks. The multi-engine configuration reduced the Lightning loss rate antiaircraft gunfire during ground attack missions. Single engine airplanes equipped with power plants cooled by pressurized liquid, such as the North American P-51 Mustang (see NASM collection), were particularly vulnerable. Even a small incision in the coolant line could cause the engine to seize in a matter of minutes.The first P-38s to reach the Pacific combat theater arrived on April 4, 1942, when a version of the Lightning that carried cameras recognition (designated the F-4), joined the eighth Photographic Squadron based in Australia. This unit launched the first P-38 combat missions in New Guinea and New Britain during April. As of May 29, the first 25 P-38s had arrived in Anchorage, Alaska. On August 9, pilots of the 343rd Fighter Group, Eleventh Air Force, flying the P-38E, shot down a pair of seaplanes japoneses.En United States, the leaders of the Army Air Forces tried to control a rumor that Lightnings killed their own pilots. On August 10, 1942, Col. Arthur I. Ennis, Chief of U.S. Army Air Forces Public Relations in Washington, told a colleague "... This is what the fourth in [training] Command is against ... common rumor out there that the whole West Coast was filled with headless bodies of men who jumped out of P-38s and had their heads cut off by the propellers. "Lightning rookie drivers are not familiar with the correct procedures rescue actually had more to fear from the tail double arm, in an emergency dictated taking to the parachute but succeeds, Lightning bailouts were as safe as any other parachuting high-performance fighter of the day. Misinformation and wild speculation about many new aircraft was rampant during the War temprano.Junto with the U.S. Navy Grumman F4F Wildcats (see NASM collection) and Curtiss P-40 Warhawks (see NASM collection), Lightnings were the first American combat aircraft capable of defeating the Japanese warplanes constantly. On November 18, the men of the 339th Fighter Squadron became the first Lightning pilots to attack Japanese fighters. Flying from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal, they claimed three during a mission to escort Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress terrorists (see NASM collection). On April 18, 1943, fourteen P-38 pilots of the 70 and 339th Fighter Squadrons , 347th Fighter Group, made one of the most important missions of the war lightning. American ULTRA cryptanalysts had decoded Japanese messages showed that the timing of the visit to the front by the commander of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. This charismatic leader had developed the plan to attack Pearl Harbor and Allied strategists believed his loss would severely cripple Japanese morale. The P-38 pilots flew 700 km (435 miles) at heights of 3-15 m (10-50 ft) above the ocean to avoid detection. On the coast of Bougainville, they intercepted a formation of two Mitsubishi G4M BETTY bombers (see NASM collection) carrying the Admiral and his staff, and six Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters (see NASM collection) providing escort. Lightning pilots shot down two bombers but lost Lt. Ray Hine to cero.En Europe, the first Americans to down a Luftwaffe aircraft were Lt. Elza E. Shahan flying a 27th Fighter Squadron P-38E, and Lt. JK Shaffer flying a Curtiss P-40 (see NASM collection) in Fighter Squadron 33. The two flyers shared the destruction of a plane Focke-Wulf Fw 200C-3 Condor maritime strike over Iceland on August 14, 1942. That same month, the first fighter group accepted Lightnings and began combat operations from bases in England but this unit soon moved to fight in North Africa. More than a year passed before the P-38 reappeared in Western Europe. While the Lightning was absent, U.S. Army Air Forces strategists had relearned a painful lesson: unescorted bombers can not operate successfully in the face of determined opposition from enemy fighters. When P-38 returned to England, the primary mission had become long-range bomber escort at ranges of about 805 kilometers (500 miles) and at altitudes above 6080 m (20,000 ft). On 15 October 1943, P-38H pilots in the 55th Fighter Group flew its first combat mission over Europe at a time when the need for long-range escorts was acute. Just the day before, German fighter pilots had destroyed 60 of 291 Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortresses (see NASM collection) during a mission to bomb five ball-bearing plants in Schweinfurt, Germany. No air force could sustain a loss rate of almost 20 percent for more than a few missions but these targets lay well beyond the range of available escort fighters (Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, see NASM collection). War planners hoped the long-term capacity of the P-38 Lightning could halt this deadly trend, but the atmosphere very high and very cold typical of European air war caused severe power plant and heating difficulties for the cockpit Lightning. The long-range escort problem was not completely solved until the North American P-51 Mustang (see NASM collection) began to arrive in large numbers early in the poor cabin 1944.Calefacción H and J model Lightnings made flying and fighting at altitudes that frequently approached 12,320 m (40,000 ft) nearly impossible. This was a fundamental design flaw ever Kelly Johnson and his team intended when they designed the airplane six years earlier. In his seminal work on the Allison V-1710 engine, Daniel Whitney analyzed in detail other factors that made the P-38 fighter plane most disappointing in Western Europe. • Many new and inexperienced pilots arrived in England in December 1943 , along with the new J model P-38 Lightning. • J model rated at 1,600 horsepower at 1,425 compared to the previous models of Lightning H. This adjustment improves the power required for maintaining between flights. Apparently this did not work in many cases. • During training in the United States, Lightning pilots were taught to fly at high speed settings and low engine manifold pressure during cruise flight. This was very hard on the engines, and not according to the technical guidelines issued by Allison and Lockheed. • The quality of fuel in England may have been poor, TEL (tetraethyl lead) fuel additive appeared to condense inside of engine intake manifolds, causing detonation (destructive explosion of fuel mixture controlled burning). • Improved turbo supercharger intercoolers appeared on the J model P-38. These devices greatly reduced manifold temperatures but this encouraged TEL condensation in manifolds during cruise flight and increased failure bujía.Uso water injection to minimize detonation might have reduced these engine problems. Both the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and the North American P-51 Mustang (see NASM collection) were fitted with water injection systems but not the P-38. Lightning pilots continued to fly, despite these desventajas.Durante November 1942, two groups around Lightning fighter, the first and the 14th, began operating in North Africa. In the Mediterranean Theater, P-38 pilots flew more outlets than Allied pilots flying any other fighter. They claimed 608 enemy a / c destroyed in the air, 123 probably destroyed and 343 damaged, against the loss of 131 Relámpagos.En the war against Japan, the P-38 truly excelled. Combat rarely occurred above 6,080 m (20,000 ft) and comfort issues and the cockpit engine common in Europe never plagued pilots in the Pacific Theater. The excellent range of Lightning are maximized over large expanses of water. In early 1945, Lightning pilots 12 Fighter Squadron, 18 Fighter Group, flew a mission that lasted 10 ½ hours and covered more than 3220 kilometers (2000 miles). In August, the P-38 pilots established the world long distance record for a World War II combat fighter when they flew from the Philippines to the Netherlands East Indies, a distance of 3703 kilometers (2300 miles). In early 1944, Lightning pilots in the 475th Fighter Group began the 'race of aces. In March, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Lynch had scored 21 victories before falling to flak while strafing enemy ships. Major Thomas B . McGuire downed 38 Japanese aircraft before he was killed when his P-38 crashed at low altitude in early January 1945. Major Richard I. Bong became America's highest scoring fighter ace (40 victories) but died in the crash of a Lockheed P-80 (see NASM collection) on August 6 1945.Museo records show that Lockheed assigned the construction number 422-2273 to the National Air and Space Museum in P-38. The Army Air Force accepted as a P-38J Lightning-l0-LO November 6, 1943, and the service identified the airplane with the serial number 42-67762. Recent research conducted by a team of specialists at the Paul E. Garber facility , grass Brownstein, a volunteer in the Aeronautics Division at the National Air and Space Museum, have revealed many hitherto unknown aspects in the history of this avión.Brownstein examined NASM files and documents at the National Archives. discovered that a few days after that the Army Air Forces (AAF) accepted this airplane, the Engineering Division at Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, granted Lockheed permission to convert this P-38 into a two-seat trainer. The firm added a seat behind the pilot to accommodate an instructor who would train civilian pilots in instrument flight techniques. Once trained, these test pilots evaluated new Lightnings fresh off line montaje.En a teletype sent by the Engineering Division of 2 March 1944, Brownstein also discovered that this P-38 was released to Colonel Benjamin S. Kelsey from March 3 to April 10, 1944, to conduct special tests. This action was confirmed the following day in a cable from the War Department. This same pilot, then a Lieutenant, flew the XP-38 in the United States in 1939 and survived the crash that destroyed this Lightning at Mitchel Field, New York. early 1944, Kelsey was assigned to the Eighth Air Force in England and apparently traveled to the Lockheed factory at Burbank to pick up the P-38. For more information about these tests and Kelsey's involvement remain an issue intrigante.Uno of Brownstein's most important discoveries was a small file rich with information about Ray NASM. This file contains a cryptic reference to a "Bong" who flew the NASM P-38 on April 16, 1945, at Wright Field. Bong had planned to fly for an hour to evaluate an experimental method of interconnecting the movement throttle levers and propeller control. Their flight ended after twenty minutes when "the right engine blew before I had a chance [to conduct the test]." I. The curator Richard Bong Heritage Center confirmed that America's highest scoring ace made this flight in the NASM P-38 Lightning.Trabajo in Building 10 at the Paul E. Garber Center, Rob Mawhinney, Dave Wilson, Wil Lee, Bob Weihrauch, Jim Purton , and Heather Hutton spent several months during the spring and summer of 2001 carefully disassembling, inspecting and cleaning the NASM Lightning. They found every hardware modification consistent with a model J-25 airplane, not the model J-10 painted in the data block beneath the artifact's left nose. This fits perfectly with knowledge uncovered by Brownstein. On April 10, the Engineering Division rewiring Lockheed asking the company to prepare 42-67762 for transfer to Wright Field "in standard configuration." Standard P-38 configuration at that time was the P-38J-25. The work took several weeks and the fighter does not appear on Wright Field records at May 15, 1944. On June 9, the Flight Test Section at Wright Field released the fighter for flight trials aimed at collecting pilot comments on how to handle the Aeromedical avión.Laboratorio Wright Field was the next organization involved with this P-38. That unit installed a kit on July 26 that probably measured the force required to move the control wheel left and right to actuate the power boosted ailerons installed in all Lightnings from version J-25. Starting from August 12 to 16 , the Power Plant Laboratory carried out tests to measure the temperature of the hydraulic pump of this Ray. then from September 16 and lasting about ten days, the Bombing Branch, Armament Laboratory, tested type R-3 racks of bombs.'s work seems to have ended in early December. On 20 June 1945, the Aircraft Distribution Office asked that the AAF Air Technical Service Command transfer the Lightning from Wright Field to Altus Air Force Base, Oklahoma, temporary storage area for Air Force museum aircraft. The P-38 arrived at the Oklahoma City Air Depot on June 27, 1945, and mechanics prepared for storage can combat aircraft flight volar.Informes this Lightning also describe the following activities and movements: 21/06/45 Wright Field, Ohio, 5.15 hours of vuelo.6-22-45Wright Field, Ohio, .35 minutes of flying by Lt. Col. Wendel [?] J. Kelley and P. Shannon-45Altus 6-25, Oklahoma, 0.55 hours flown, pilot P. Shannon.6-27-45Altus, Oklahoma, # 2 engine changed, 1.05 hours flight by Air Corps F / S Ralph F. Coady.05/10/45 OCATSC-GCAAF (Garden City Army Air Field, Garden City, Kansas), guns removed and added lastre.10-8-45Adams Field, Little Rock, Arkansas.10-9-45Nashville, Tennessee ,5-28-46Freeman Field, Indiana, maintenance check by Air Corps Capt. HM Chadhowere [sp]? 7-24-46Freeman Field, Indiana, 1 hour local flight First Lieutenant Charles C. Heckel.31/07 / 46 Freeman Field, Indiana, 4120th AAF Base Unit, ferry flight to Orchard Place [Illinois] Lt. Charles C. first Heckel.El August 5, 1946, the AAF moved the aircraft to another storage site at the former Consolidated B -24 bomber assembly plant at Park Ridge, Illinois. A short time later, the AAF transferred custody of the Lightning and more than sixty other World War II-era airplanes to the Smithsonian National Air Museum. During the 1950s, Air Force moved these airplanes from Park Ridge to the Smithsonian storage site at Suitland, Maryland. • • • Wikipedia | Lockheed P-38 Lightning Citing: The American World War II Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter aircraft was built by Lockheed. Developed for United States Army Air Corps requirement, the P-38 had distinctive twin booms nacelle single central one containing the cockpit and armament. Named "fork-tailed devil" by the Luftwaffe and "two planes, one pilot" by the Japanese, the P-38 was used in a number of roles, including dive bombing, level bombing, ground-attack, photos reconnaissance missions and extensively as a long escort fighter when equipped with range drop tanks under his alas.La P-38 was used most successfully in the Pacific Theater of Operations and China-Burma-India Theater of Operations like Mount aces U.S. higher, Richard Bong (40 victories) and Thomas McGuire (38 victories). South West Pacific theater In the P-38 was the primary long-range fighter United States Army Air Forces until the emergence of a large number of P-51D Mustangs towards end of the war. The P-38 was unusually quiet for a fighter, the exhaust muffled by the turbo-superchargers. was very forgiving, and could be mishandled in many ways, but the rate of roll was too slow for you to excel as a dogfighter . The P-38 was the only American fighter aircraft in production throughout American involvement in the war, to Victory over Japan Day.Variants: Lightning in maturity: P-38JEl P-38J Pearl Harbor was introduced in August 1943. intercooler turbo-supercharger system on previous variants had been housed in the leading edges of the wings and had proven vulnerable to combat damage and could burst if the wrong series of controls were mistakenly activated. In the P-38J model, the streamlined engine nacelles of previous Lightnings were changed to fit the intercooler radiator between the oil coolers, forming a "chin" that visually distinguished the J model from its predecessors. While the P-38J used the same engines as V-1710-89/91 H model, the new core-type intercooler more efficiently lowered intake manifold temperatures and allows a substantial increase in rated power. The leading edge of the outer wing was fitted with 55 gal (208 l) fuel tanks, filling the space formerly occupied by tunnels intercooler, but these are omitted in the first P-38J blocks due to availability limitada.Los final models 210 J, designated P-38J-25-LO, alleviates the problem of compressibility by addition of a set of electrically actuated flaps recovery dive right outboard engines on the bottom centerline of the wings. With these improvements, a USAAF pilot reported a dive speed of almost 600 mph (970 km / h), although the indicated speed was corrected for compressibility error and the actual immersion speed was lower. Lockheed manufactured over 200 retrofit modification kits to be installed on P-38J-10-LO and J-20-LO and in Europe, but the C-54 USAAF His execution was shot down by a RAF pilot who mistook the Douglas transport for a German Focke-Wulf Condor. Unfortunately, the loss of the kits came during Lockheed test pilot four months Tony LeVier morale-boosting tour of P-38 bases . Flying a new Lightning named "Snafuperman" modified to full P-38J-25-LO specs at Lockheed's modification center near Belfast, LeVier captured the attention of pilots altogether routinely performing maneuvers in March 1944 common wisdom that the Eighth Air Force HELD suicide. proved too little too late because the decision had already been made to re-equip with Mustangs.El production block P-38J-25-LO also introduced hydraulically powered ailerons, one of the first times that such a system has been equipped with a fighter. This significantly improved the Lightning rate of roll and reduced control forces for the pilot. This production block and the following P-38L model are considered the definitive Lightnings, and Lockheed to ramp production, working with subcontractors across the country to produce hundreds of Lightnings each mes.Noted P-38 pilots Richard Bong and Thomas McGuire The American ace of aces and his closest competitor both flew Lightnings as he scored 40 wins and 38 respectively. Majors Thomas J. "Tommy" McGuire the USAAF Richard I. "Dick" Bong and competed for the top position. Both men were awarded the Medal of Honor.McGuire was killed in air combat in January 1945 over Philippines, after racking up 38 confirmed kills, becoming the second high-ranking American ace. Bong was rotated back to the United States as the ace of aces in the United States, after making 40 deaths, becoming a test pilot. was killed on August 6, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Japan, when his fighter plane flown over takeoff P-80 Shooting Star. Charles Lindbergh The famous aviator Charles Lindbergh toured the South Pacific as a civilian contractor for United Aircraft Corporation, compare and evaluate the performance one of the fighters and double motor for Vought. He worked to improve range limits and burden of F4U Corsair, flying routine and combat strafing missions in Corsairs alongside Marine pilots. In Hollandia, he joined the 475th FG wheel P-38 so he could investigate the twin-engine fighter. Though new to the team, he was instrumental in expanding the range of the P-38 through improved throttle settings, or engine leans techniques in particularly by reducing the engine speed to 1,600 rpm, setting the auto-lean carburetors for flying and 185 mph (298 km / h) indicated airspeed which reduces fuel consumption of 70 gal / h, about 2.6 mpg. This combination of settings had been considered dangerous, it was thought that could alter the fuel mixture and cause an explosion. Everywhere Lindbergh went in the South Pacific, was given preferential treatment normally a colonel of the visit, Although he had resigned his Air Corps Reserve colonel commission three years before. While with the 475th, he held training classes and took part in several combat missions of the Army Air Corps. On 28 July 1944, Lindbergh shot down
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